Using the Spanish Verb Poder

As one of the most common verbs in Spanish, poder means to be able; in its conjugated forms it is frequently translated as can or could. But partly because the English could can refer to the past, present or future, and partly because the preterite and conditional tenses of poder are often interchangeable, the use of poder isnt always straightforward. Like its English counterparts can and could, poder functions as an auxiliary verb, although in Spanish it is followed by an infinitive. With a few exceptions, most of which dont have counterparts in English, it cant stand alone. Keep in mind that poder is irregular. The -o- in the stem changes to -u- or -ue- when stressed, and the ending is shortened in the future and conditional tenses. Here are the various ways poder is used: In the Present Tense To Mean ‘Can’ or ‘May’ The present-tense forms of poder indicate the ability, either physical ability or having permission, to do something. It is distinguished from saber, which means to know how. Thus, while one may ask,  ¿Puedes tocar el piano hoy? (Can you play the piano today?), one normally would ask,  ¿Sabes tocar el piano? (Can you play the piano? or Do you know how to play the piano?). Puedo hacer lo que quiero. (I can do what I want.)No puede trabajar los domingos. (She cant work on Sundays.)No puedo ir al cine. (I cant go to the movies.) In the Future Tense To Mean ‘Will Be Able’​​ This is similar in usage to the present tense. Podrà © hacer lo que quiero. (Ill be able to do what I want.) No podrà ¡ trabajar los domingos. (She wont be able to work on Sundays.) No podrà © ir al cine. (I wont be able to go to the movies.) In the Preterite or Imperfect To Mean ‘Could’ or ‘Was Able’ Which tense you use depends on whether the reference is to a one-time event (preterite) or something occurring over a period of time (imperfect). In the preterite, poder can have the sense of to manage to. Pudo salir. (He managed to leave.)No podà ­a salir. (He was unable to leave.)No pudo trabajar porque dormà ­a. (She couldnt work (that particular time) because she was sleeping.)No podà ­a trabajar porque dormà ­a con frecuencia. (She couldnt work because she was often sleeping.) To Make Polite Requests​​ As in English, such requests are made in the form of a question. Usually the conditional form of poder is used, but (while it may seem illogical) the imperfect also can be used.  ¿Podrà ­as darme un là ¡piz? (Could you give me a pencil?)  ¿Podà ­as darme un là ¡piz? (Could you give me a pencil?)  ¿Podrà ­a lavarme usted los platos? (Could you wash the dishes for me?)  ¿Podà ­a lavarme usted los platos? (Could you wash the dishes for me?) To Express Possibility or Suggestions​​ Either could, may, or might can be used to translate poder when it is used to indicate a possibility or offer a suggestion. In such cases, either the conditional form of poder or (again, seemingly illogically) the imperfect can be used. The imperfect form may be understood as more colloquial. Podrà ­amos ir al cine. (We could go to the movies.)Podà ­amos ir al cine. (We could go to the movies.)Podà ­a no haber salido. (He might not have left.)Podrà ­a no haber salido. (He might not have left.) To Express What Could Have Happened but Didn’t​​ The preterite is usually used in such cases, although the conditional can be used when directly criticizing somebody. Pudo salir a las tres. (She could have left at 3 oclock.)Pienso en lo que pudo ser. (Im thinking about what might have been.)Me lo podà ­as haber dicho. (You could have told me.) Poder  as a Noun The noun  poder  means power or authority. The adjective form is  poderoso, powerful. Related terms include  potente  (potent or powerful),  potencia  (power, potency, strength) and  potencial  (potential). Poder  Standing Alone as a Verb These are the main exceptions to the rule that  poder  must be followed by an infinitive: When the infinitive is implied by the context.  No  puedo.  (I cant.)  ¿Quià ©n  puede  mà ¡s? (Who can do more?)In the impersonal expression  puede  que, usually followed by a verb in the subjunctive, meaning perhaps or it is possible.  Puede  que  salga.  (Perhaps he will leave.)In the expression  poder  con, translated in various ways such as to manage or to cope.  No  puedo  con  ella. (I cant handle her.)  No  puedo  con  el  enojo.  (I cant deal with the anger.)In various expressions where it means roughly could do. La curiosidad pudo mà ¡s que el miedo (roughly, his curiosity overcame his fear).  No  pude  menos  que  dar gracias.  (I couldnt do anything less than giving thanks.)In the idiom  a mà ¡s no  poder, which means as much as possible or to the utmost. Jugaba a mà ¡s no poder.  (He played as hard as he could.)  Es  feo  a mà ¡s no  poder.  (Its as ugly as could be.)In the expression  Ã‚ ¿Se  puede?, meaning Can I come in? Key Takeaways Although poder can be used alone, it most often is used an auxilary verb to mean can or be able to.As an auxiliary verb, poder is followed by an infinitive.The infinitive form, poder, can be used as a noun to refer to power or authority.

The Concept of Life-Cycle in Operations Management.

1. Introduction Every organization has an objective or objectives and goals to achieve. These objectives and goals achieving can be possible only when management organizing the available recourses in a suitable structure with a plan. The whole process of achieving objectives like planning, organizing and implementation and correction process by means of feedback bring together by operation management. The physical resources like space, machinery, money and men who organize those physical will take major role in the operation management. The objectives related to both performance and cost, decision making process related production or operation of the organization, strategic and operational and feedback control system will play important†¦show more content†¦At this stage organization takes feed back from various groups of users and improve the product usability with add on features and introduce different models with out change in basic application. This is the stage business will be exposed more to the external competitive market which initiate new comers with similar product where they will take off the market or share the market which causes the original product business organization will go for further improvement or for new product line. Sustainability of in this stage is depends on the factors like the management’s views, how fast they recognize their product obsolesced and how fast new comers taking over the market. 2.4 Death stage. As discussed above in maturity stage, in case of business management could not predict the impact of the new product growth and lack of taking necessary changes in the product design, the product life cycle enter into the dearth stage which leads to organization to merge with new companies or liquidation or sale. 3. Life-cycle costing The cost of the product through out the product life-cycle referred as Life-cycle costing. The new concept of this Life-cycle costing is long term costing. 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Corruption in Soccer

Question: Discuss about theCorruption in Soccer. Answer: Introduction of Corruption in Soccer Football started its journey as a professional sport under the umbrella of FIFA. Fifa or The Fdration Internationale de Football Association, the international governing body of football started its journey on 21 May 1904. Seven footballing associations signed up for the foundation act of FIFA. The authorized representatives were from France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland(Gabbe, 2013). Today, the FIFA controls the world football and its entire tournament that is played around the world. Currently, FIFA has 211 members who are under the guidance of this governing body. As money flooded in, so did corruption. In all the recent years the transparency of FIFA was under question in many occasions. In the past Fifa had already faced such rumors of misconduct. Presidents Blatters first election in 1998 and his consecutive rise in power for the second time had fuelled the allegations of corruption and bribery. In 2006, Jack Warner, the chairman of CONCACAF, was banned by Fifas ethical committee(McCormick, 2013). The Ernest and Young audit report declared that Warner had earned millions of dollars by selling World Cup tickets in Trinidad. In the following years, Fifa president Bin Hamam was suspended after he was alleged of bribing 40000 USD to buy the votes of the Caribbean officials. The suspension was enacted on May 29(Miller, 2014). Even, the voting session of selection of hosting nations of World Cup 2018 and 2022 were under question. Despite of poor weather and infrastructural facility Qatar was awarded the responsibility of hosting the 2022. Qatar i s a small country and already has issues with labor and other such problems(Gabbe, 2013). Types of Corruption Footballs integrity as an international sport has under questions through various types of corruptions associated with it. There were corrupt officials trying to sell their valuable votes in FIFA(Cleland, 2016). The match officials or referees charged with allegation of match fixing. Players or officials were found to have connections with underworld or drug cartels. Added to them isnegligence of officials towards humanistic values which they overlooked many a times in order to make profit for the organization(Gabbe, 2013). The spirit of the game has been hurt in almost all the cases. The following sections would discuss various types of corruption associated with the game of football. Gambling Football currently is a multi-million dollar sports event considering the World Cup and famous club competitions around the world. Though betting is illegal in some countries, there is easy gambling options available round the internet which any one can access. Friendly betting or mere gambling over football matches or between favorite teams means no harm(Guskiewicz, 2013). But, when influential people try to manipulate the officials or natural flow of the match it becomes a real menace. BBCs report on gambling has revealed that the industry earns 70 percent of its turnover from football itself. The yearly outcome of gambling industry is currently around 500 billion pounds a year. It clearly indicates the degree of which the money is poured indirectly for any game or match of football(Homburg, 2010). Though only 70 percent of the total yearly outcome is from football, still the amount remains lump-sum.In past few incidents, gambling had affected players career(Smith, 2013).Eidur Gudj ohnsen was one such top listed player who was addicted to gambling. He himself mentions that he had taken up the habit as a time-pass during the injury and recovery sessions. Later he became highly addicted to it .The Independent had brought out an interesting issue on players underperforming due gambling. In the report experts suggested that players gamble in order to get rid of the boredom, mostly in case of away games or training sessions. In the long run most people get addicted to it which affects their form in the pitch(Rose-Ackerman, 2015). This situation increased more when gambling was available on line through any mobile devices including pc or laptop. A research was conducted on the issue on behalf of Professional Players Federation. The result shows that most of the players chose to gamble through online for sports, horse racing or at casinos. The other big name in the list was Michael Chopra who had been found to be betting since age of 17(Wilson, 2014). He was even rec orded to have received threats from the loan sharks in the business. His career was threatened by huge debts. The report suggested further that the huge burden of indebt money caused the players to lose concentration and hence the issue is shown in the game itself. To bring a solution to the problem of gambling Interpol and FIFA announced a joint initiative of ten years. Its aim is to train people and arouse ideas about the risks involved and the ill-effects of gambling. The education would be imparted through conference, workshops and online tutorials. Doping Initially the question may arise, if football is really contaminated with doping? The answer might be a no, because there isnt so much stir about this fact in the news or reports.But, the reality is different.The use of PED or performance enhancement drugs, growth hormones, etc. are all commonly used in the world of sports(Bean, 2015). Football is also not lacking behind. But there were reports of star players being spotted at doping clinics. In the past there were famous athletics and players from other games who were accused of doping from failed dope tests. .This fire is yet to burn in football. The day it will start, it will consume the whole world of football(Preuss, 2014). A Sunday times report revealed that a study by UEFA had examined 4000 urine tests from Europes top level players pool. Among them the 7.7 percent were tested to have possible use of steroids of anabolic nature. More stunning outcome of this incident is that zero players were facing any investigation or ban fo r use of dope. UEFA instead, just consumed the issue and shortened it. It is a clear fact that since use of dope is in practice in football the committees does not want to reveal this to the fans around the world. In the past there were high profile players who were caught for use of illegal substances. To add to the PEDs and other boosting drugs, cocaine also was added to the list. Ex-Chelsea player Adrian Mutu was one such example. During his peak times in career he was tested with traces of cocaine. But no other name goes bigger than Maradona(McCormick, 2013). Besides being tested positive with Cocaine, during the 94 world cup he was banned on use of ephedrine, a performance enhancer drug. The infamous doctor Dr. Luis Garcia De Moral worked as a medical advisor in different football team. The term infamous is used as this was the person who caused the whole USA cycling team to be disqualified after positive dope test result. Lance Armstrong was a part of the teamed(Georgakis, 2016). Moral had exclaimed this fact to one of the members that they were taking nothing compared to the football players. Another doctor from Spain, Dr. Fuentes also holds the key to doping in the world of football. T hese both doctors were charged with possession of anabolic steroids. The former was banned by US Anti-doping Agency and the latter is still under trial. Match-Fixing The problem of betting and gambling slowly invited another problem which would alter the very course of a normal game. In hunger to earn more money and fill the pocket had become more important than the game of football itself. Match-fixing refers to altering the result or outcome of the match by manipulating either the players or officials involved in the game(Holden, 2016). In football there are 22 players on field. There are staffs, managers, substitutes those are involved in the match. It is kind of tough to match-fix in football due to dynamic nature of the game itself. But forcing unwanted errors in key position often does the trick required. These chances created helps to aid a gamble and earning cash(Eberhardt, 2016). These actions vary from rash tackles inside the box to earn penalty, goalkeeping flaws leading to conceding of goals, or a same side goal costing an entire match. Referees are also targeted as they control the flow of the match. A controversial marching order or time manipulation etc. can be used by referees(Paradiso, 2015). All the mentioned instances were derived from suspected matches where possible fixing took place. The examples are plenty in the world of footballto produce as a fixed match, either through an official or any players. The most recent and famous example of match fixing took place in Italy Seria A. In the year 2006 world famous Italian club Juventus was relegated from the Premier Division and was stripped of the last two titles. The Italian police had discovered taped conversation of manager Luciano Moggi which led to the decision(Halabi, 2012). In the tapes, Moggi was found speaking to officials to ensure the Turin outfit matches to be overseen by pro-Juventus referees. In the run, Ac Milan and Fiorentina also faced point deduction(ROSE, 2014). The corruption in Poland covered as many as 117 people. These people included players, referees, coaches, players and officials who were charged in recent years with the crime of match fixing.29 clubs were marked to be the part of corruption. As a result of which seven clubs were demoted in the year 2007-08(Szymanski, 2014). Among them were four times champion Widzew Lodz overturned the ban using a court of arbitration. PPF coordinator Michael Listview exclaimed that they wanted to save the federation and also the Polish Football. Later entire governing body of PPF was charged with scandal was banned in 2008(Bean, 2015). Other Issues Besides the above mentioned issues, corruption is also seen in form of dictatorship in football. Fifa being the governing body is in the supreme position. They are often accused of overlooking humanistic issues which would have required careful analysis and proper action before the result declaration(Masters, 2015). These actions do not directly affect the fans and the game but puts abad example to the integrity of the sports and sometimes people suffer due to the recklessness. Brazil World Cup 2016, or upcoming Qatar world cup the humanistic ignorance of FIFA has raised several issues(Georgakis, 2016). FIFA has been alleged to overlook the financial conditions of Brazil yet enacting them with a million dollar tournament. Qatar World Cup 2022 is already under controversy of being the host nation for next Fifa World Cup. The temperature in Qatar in summer reaches up to 122 degrees. Fifa has already decided to shift the schedule from summer to winter season. The schedule has been risked with a clash with other major sports events and on the eve of Christmas. This decision will be costing the people their family time too(Veloso, 2013). There were bids from several other countries, who were interested in hosting the games in summer. But, FIFAs decision regarding host nation of 2022 world cup seemed silly and unfair. Moreover, Qatar is a tiny country and still lacks the infrastructure to host a major tournament like the World Cup. So to stage the "greatest show on earth," they have to build everything from a scratch(John, 2013). According to many experts, Qatar is indeed a strange place to host a World Cup when there were bids from other countries with far better infrastructure. Qatar has already started t o construct with breakneck speed(Gardner, 2014). Qatar officials have also tried to keep down the labor cost as cheap as possible. A more feared issue that is relevant in the world of football is human trafficking. The problem of exploitation of poor people in the name of making them stars by some corrupt officials has already been in practice. But, Fifa is yet to make any proactive decision or a mere statement to confront the issues. They are busy with the readymade stars overseeing a thousand others who lose their future in the dream of becoming a star(Cleland, 2016). Most Relevant Corruption in Football Corruptions have already developed its many faces in the game of football. The most relevant problem which the game of football faces is through gambling, betting and match fixing issues. The money behind the game is increased two fold with the issues. In order to win the invested bets or to earn more cash influential people have again and again used their power to alter the course of the game in favor of them. Vietnam bears such an example where the entire football system of country was under jeopardy due to corrupt officials, players and personnels(Junge, 2011). Referee Long Trung Viet was charged in crime of assisting a division 1 team to fix matches in order to rise to premiere division. The investigation by police brought the fact that during a time span of 20 years 150 games were fixed. As a result, 15 referees were banned for the final two years(Meier, 2015). Last season the V-league was on the verge of suspension(Eberhardt, 2016). Many teams, players and star Vietnamese strik er Pham Van Quyen was banned with charges of corruption. This is how hunger for excess money can put whole system in jeopardy. Though it is hard to influence in the western world still it is an alarm to upcoming situation. Professionalism is required but it must be checked that it may not turn into lavishness where the integrity of the sports is sold in order earn more for convenience. The money ball has already started to affect the game around the world(Homburg, 2010). Besides Vietnam similar situations exists in Poland, Goa, Colombia and other such places where the money business is a different level altogether. Conclusion The major controversy today about football is that is it becoming a money game too. The stars of football, emerged from the club football, fail to put up a good show for the country. Recent times saw many such big names that were popular among the fans but lost their credibility in their respective national jerseys. The credibility of the players comes under question again and again. Being one of the most famous sports its integrity has been under question many times. Moreover, football holds one of the most prestigious Fifa World Cups every four years to fight for the top spot. Despite all these the bar of club football, the money game goes up. Smelling the green notes, players fight their hearts out for the club who pays them for the professional career. Moreover, it is the clubs which keep the cash stash clicking. So naturally, there is a debate on whether it is club or nation one should give everything out. Fifa has also been hit by worst allegations which condemned its Presidents and power holders. When the governing body itself is in questions, it puts doubt marks on the sports and its credibility in itself. Though it was difficult to match fix a dynamic game of football through the players. Situations revealed that there are other methods too. Officials and referees were bought in many cases. Despite all these controversies football still holds the spirit somehow till date when the players burn it out on the field. References Bean, B. W. (2015). An Interim Essay on FIFA's World Cup of Corruption: The Desperate Need for International Corporate Governance Standards at FIFA. ILSA Journal of International Comparative Law, 98(7), 33-95. Cleland, J. (2016). Football fans views of racism in British football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(1), 27-43. Eberhardt, K. A. (2016). Health risks related to mass gatherings/sports events and implications for the Summer Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro in 2016. Travel medicine and infectious disease, 94(3), 85-150. Ehrenberg, R. G. (2016). Modern labour economics. Theory and public policy, 115(7), 89-110. Gabbe, B. J. (2013). How valid is a self-reported 12-month sports injury history? British journal of sports medicine, 37(6), 545-547. Gardner, R. (2014). Cavum septum pellucidum in retired American pro-football players. Journal of neurotrauma, 33(1), 157-161. Georgakis, S. (2016). From old soccer to new football?Expert accounts of transformations on the world game in Australia post-Crawford Report. Soccer Society, 17(1), 72-89. Guskiewicz, K. M. (2013). Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players. The NCAA Concussion Study, 290(19), 2549-2555. Halabi, A. K. (2012). Football history off the field: Utilising archived accounting reports to challenge myths about the history of an Australian football club. Accounting History, 17(1), 63-81. Holden, J. T. (2016). Lone-wolf match-fixing: global policy considerations. International Journal of Sports Policy and Politics, 94(18), 1-15. Homburg, H. (2010). FIFA and the" Chinese Question. An Exercise of Statutes. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung, 79(10), 69-87. John, P. (2013). Nonfatal cervical spine injuries in interscholastic football. JAMA, 236(11), 1243-1245. Junge, A. (2011). Medical history and physical findings in football players of different ages and skill levels. The American journal of sports medicine, 28(5), 16. Masters, A. (2015). Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the area of policy. Policy and Society, 34(2), 111-123. McCormick, R. E. (2013). Athletics versus academics? Evidence from SAT scores. Journal of Political Economy, 95(5), 1103-1116. Meier, H. E. (2015). Protecting Private Transnational Authority Against Public Intervention: Fifa's Power Over National Governments. Public Administration, 94(6), 890-906. Miller, T. A. (2014). The effects of training history, player position, and body composition on exercise performance in collegiate football players. Journal of strength and conditioning research/National Strength Conditioning Association, 16(1), 44-49. Paradiso, E. (2015). Football, clientelism and corruption in Argentina: an anthropological inquiry. Soccer Society, 17(4), 480-495. Preuss, H. (2014). Structures of an economic impact. Th International Sports Business Symposium, 16(4), 40. ROSE, K. D. (2014). Cardiac Contusion Resulting From Spearing in Football: A Case History. Archives of internal medicine, 118(2), 129-131. Rose-Ackerman, S. (2015). Corruption and government. Causes, consequences, and reform, 115(16), 89-96. Smith, R. A. (2013). Intercollegiate athletics/football history at the dawn of a new century. Journal of Sports History, 29(2), 229-239. Szymanski, S. (2014). Professional Asian football leagues and the global market. Asian Economic Policy Review, 11(1), 16-38. Veloso, H. H. (2013). Chagas heart disease in professional athletes from endemic countries: A notorious case calls attention for its identification and stratification. International journal of cardiology, 207(4), 115-116. Wilson, M. E. (2014). Illness in travellers returned from Brazil: the GeoSentinel experience and implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 58(10), 1347-1356.

Incidence and Continuity of Statehood

Introduction The state has been considered as the primary subject of international law, a fact that ignores other emerging legal entities, this notwithstanding, this possession of international legal personality cannot be used as a justification of statehood. This is due to the emergence of the so called puppet states which may have international legal personality but may lack in autonomy and independence.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Incidence and Continuity of Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguments in favor of this opinion have the idea that the existence of a state is de facto question and not de jure question. The incidence and continuity of statehood is determined by several factors ranging from the legal criterion of statehood to what qualifies states membership to international organization. These notes explain all the aspects of a state and statehood. Legal Criteria of Statehood The legal criteria of defining a state as an international legal personality is derived from article 1 of Montevideo convention on rights and duties of a state of the year 1933, which stipulates that a state as a subject of international law should possess the following qualifications: A state should have permanent population. This is argued along the lines of boundaries or defined territory. This is because physical space is fundamental for the existence of any community or population and both are instrumental in the existence of a state. For a state to be recognized it should have inhabitants and absence of population imply absence of statehood. This is an undisputable element of a state.  Secondly, a state should have a defined territory. A state should have an established political community who must be in control of a particularly territory. This however cannot be considered a primary requirement of existence of statehood as demonstrated by the recognition of Israel despite its b order dispute with Palestine. Albania was also recognized as a state despite lacking settled frontiers. The territorial integrity of states has been eroded by agents of globalization and modern information technology. The issue of porous borders has emerged as constant threat to states control of territory.  Another requirement of statehood is availability of government. A state should have established government of any kind whether democratic or totalitarian system. The government should only be effective to discharge its mandate.Advertising Looking for coursework on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presence of government just like the matter of territory cannot be used as outright characteristic of statehood since some states regained recognition even before an organized government was in place. Examples are Rwanda, Burundi and Poland who were admitted to the United Nations without governments. Autonomy or indep endence is also another qualification of statehood. According to the Montevideo convention, the independence of a state is defined as its ability to enter into relations with other state states. This has been considered by the scholars of international law and jurists to be the right criterion of determining the international legal personality of a state. However, autonomy which is a measure of existence of a state has been widely eroded by globalization and introduction of the concept of client state or agency state. A client state is that which suffers from interference by a patron state consequently some states have entered into treaties and concessions which at times compromise their jurisdiction and administration in discharge of their mandate. Independence of under international law is not affected by factors such as federations or association of states.  Another qualification of a state is degree of permanence. Time and space are critical elements of existence of a state. T he issue of permanence has an element of a state has been questioned. This is because any state that becomes extinct leaves no consequence of legal question. The willingness to observe international law has also been considered another fundamental element of statehood. This however has been heavily criticized on the basis that once a law is established, its observance becomes a matter of duty and principle rather than choice since international law once formulated becomes binding. States must also have certain degree of civilization. This element of statehood was added by Hyde who argued that population residing within the state must exhibit certain degree of culture that enables them to observe the general principles of law that governs their relationship with other persons and also to accept to be bound by the same law. Any society that refuses to be bound by any established law or which does not accept to enter into diplomatic relations with other states is considered to be uncul tured.  Another fundamental qualification of statehood is sovereignty.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Incidence and Continuity of Statehood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sovereignty though often used interchangeably with independence the main distinction is that sovereignty may be used in the case where a state refuses to exercise its own legal capacities in a manner that creates power, rights and privileges in respect of other states. The situation of Germany after the end of World War II, led to criticisms of sovereignty as a criterion of defining statehood. Last is that a state should really demonstrate as to function as a state. Though this is considered peripheral, but it is necessary requirement of a state. Some states have been known to exist but unnecessary to be regarded as political states. The peace treaty with Germany after World War I created a city of Danzig which was recognized as a sta te but placed under the guarantee of Poland and the League of Nations. States Statu Nascendi States in statu nascendi are those states which have viability, control particular territory but are driven by the desire to attain statehood. These states may at times be regarded as belligerent groups and exile governments who are driven by the desire to self determination. The erosion of territory and effective governments as basic criterion of states has led to the development of states in statu Nascendi. Illegal occupation and influence of Jus Cogens Jus cogens imply the principle of self-determination. The impingement of independence and invasion of territory translates into erosion of legal personality of states when it is undertaken outside the premise of international law. The principle of self determination has strengthened the resolute to give belligerent groups and exile governments’ higher status. Membership of International Organizations and Agencies The membership of a state to an international organization is based on contractual agreement as agreed upon by founding states. But accession is based on standing order and not a matter of right. Any international organ has the freedom to decide the requirements of membership which are set down in the legal and political instruments of its constituent charter which may or may not factor in the issue of statehood. Article 4 of the charter of the United Nations states that membership is open to all peace loving states but admission of membership must be first is recommended by the Security Council accepted by the General Assembly. Identity and Continuity of States Continuity of states is important and there is general argument that states are not affected by expiry of term of government or when government is driven out of power. Change of government however alters some doctrines and treaty relations among nations. Continuity ensures that legal personality of the state is not affected and certain rights a nd powers of the state are not altered.Advertising Looking for coursework on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The political development in Eastern Europe where core states succeeded federals led to the introduction of the concept state succession. Sate succession imply that another international personality assumes the place of another international entity either through union or legal annexation. State succession implies ceding rights and powers and leads to change legal status by the concerned states. Micro-states Membership to the United Nations is not determined by matters of size, but the conditions set by article 4 of the charter has made it difficult for states like Monaco and San Marino to be members unlike small countries like Costa Rica and Luxembourg which fulfill these requirements. This does not however prevent these states from being international legal persons as these only depend on the ability of any state to fulfill the requirements of statehood. Increase in cases of secession and breakaways of states has forced the United Nations to consider establishing what referred as associate membership which may lead to some states participating in the general assembly proceedings without vote, be given considerable terms in the contribution of expenses and to access resources of the specialized UN agencies like International Labor Organization. This coursework on Incidence and Continuity of Statehood was written and submitted by user Caitlyn Bell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Terroris, What America Is Doing

Americans are used to be oblivious to the fact that there are some people in the world that just can’t get over the fact that they hate others. Israel has been constantly attacked by a group that calls themselves the Palestinians for over 20 years (Corbin). Suicide bombers would terrorize the people of Israel for that last 15 years and no one in America could ever feel the pain the Israelis did suffer. Terrorist was an untouchable word in American society. ‘It won’t happen to us,’ was the mindset that most people had. Not one American was openly scared of chemical nuclear or biological warfare. ‘That is on their soil, the Middle East is too far from me.’ Ignorance was bliss false security was comfortable to the average American. As long as McDonalds was open and they could drive a gas guzzling car, the average American was a happy person. Well some people are mad because they do not like our fattening and unhealthy fast food chains and the gas there the Americans are so used to using run of their oil. This is what sparked a flame in one mans mind to have the united states attacked for their constant domination of their country. So, on September 11th there was a strike on American causing over 3600 people to die (Corbin). Americans clime innocence bit that is not what the radical groups see. Now terrorism is on the mind of every one in America and The American government is combating it head on. What exactly is terrorism anyway and how does America plan o attacking the problem? There seems to bee more then one problem and more then one way to attack it. Part of the job of the elected officials in America is to decide who is a threat and how they will be dealt with. Before any answer can be reach one thing had to be done in the fight agent terrorism. That is what exactly is terrorism and how do we measure the severity of the terrorist acts. There is not just one type of terrorism, there are several, none of witch really fal... Free Essays on Terroris, What America Is Doing Free Essays on Terroris, What America Is Doing Americans are used to be oblivious to the fact that there are some people in the world that just can’t get over the fact that they hate others. Israel has been constantly attacked by a group that calls themselves the Palestinians for over 20 years (Corbin). Suicide bombers would terrorize the people of Israel for that last 15 years and no one in America could ever feel the pain the Israelis did suffer. Terrorist was an untouchable word in American society. ‘It won’t happen to us,’ was the mindset that most people had. Not one American was openly scared of chemical nuclear or biological warfare. ‘That is on their soil, the Middle East is too far from me.’ Ignorance was bliss false security was comfortable to the average American. As long as McDonalds was open and they could drive a gas guzzling car, the average American was a happy person. Well some people are mad because they do not like our fattening and unhealthy fast food chains and the gas there the Americans are so used to using run of their oil. This is what sparked a flame in one mans mind to have the united states attacked for their constant domination of their country. So, on September 11th there was a strike on American causing over 3600 people to die (Corbin). Americans clime innocence bit that is not what the radical groups see. Now terrorism is on the mind of every one in America and The American government is combating it head on. What exactly is terrorism anyway and how does America plan o attacking the problem? There seems to bee more then one problem and more then one way to attack it. Part of the job of the elected officials in America is to decide who is a threat and how they will be dealt with. Before any answer can be reach one thing had to be done in the fight agent terrorism. That is what exactly is terrorism and how do we measure the severity of the terrorist acts. There is not just one type of terrorism, there are several, none of witch really fal...

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